Xingdong Yang and Lijuan Yuan
...nown strains of virus or bacterium are present through deliberate inoculation with a particular virus strain or bacterial species and being maintained free of unwanted microbiota in sterile isolators. The sterile surgical derivation and gnotobiotic status of the pigs allow studies of the infection, disease and immune responses caused by a specific pathogen in the absence of interfering maternal antibodies, other maternal immune regulators, and intestinal and e...
Muhammad Shah Zaman1, Ghulam Muhammad Ali2, Aish Muhammad1, Khalid Farooq2, Iqbal Hussain1*
...udy would be used in Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation of AtNHX1 to improve their tolerance against salinity stress....
Tayiba Latif Gulraiz1, Arshad Javid1*, Syed Makhdoom Hussain2, Muhammad Shahbaz3, Irfan3 and Sharoon Daud4
...cterial (Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Listeria and Streptomycete) genera were common in bolus and guano samples. Seasonal variations were recorded in occurrence of various fungal and bacterial genera. From bolus samples, two fungal Aspergillus and Fusarium and one bacterial Bacillus genera were recorded throughout the year while from guano Bacillus was the only genus with year round occurrence. Microbial analysis shows that Indian flying fox ejecta are an amalga...
Zamarud Shah, Safdar Hussain Shah, Asad Jan and Gul Shad Ali
...ting leaf discs with Agrobacterium strain GV3101 carrying CaMV35S-YFP::HsfA1d construct. After PCR and confocal-based confirmation, HsfA1d overexpression lines (OX1, OX2 and OX3) were evaluated for their response to heat stress. Overexpression lines on average showed 33.26% less electrolyte leakage after induction of heat stress at 42°C compared to wild type plants (WT). No significant decrease was recorded in the chlorophyll content of overexpression line...
Mirza Imran Shahzad1,*, Anna Iqbal2, Farrah Ali1, Nuzhat Sial3, Muhammad Ashfaq4, Abul Hasanat5 and Azra Khanum6
...ther the culture of each bacterium was divided into three parts, the first part was centrifuged in order to collect supernatant. While the second and third parts were also centrifuged but however supernatants were discarded to get their pellets, which were dissolved in normal saline. Of this one part was taken for thaw and freeze treatment, while the second for ultrasonication treatment, before conducting antimicrobial activities. Zones of inhibition were meas...
Sitansu Pan and Someshwar Bhagat
Biological control of plant diseases
...erial genera such as Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Bacillus, and fungal genera such as Gliocladium, Trichoderma, Ampelomyces, Candida and Coniothyrium. Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescens are the most important and widely used bioconrol agents being used across the world for the management of several plant diseases. Some bacterial biocontrol agents can inhibit both bacterial and fungal pathogens. Smilarly, fungal-fungal, fungal-bacteria and ...
Zaheer Abbas*, Shaukat Ali, Jalal-Ud-Din and Ghulam M. Ali*
...or susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection by investigating different parameters such as embryo physiological age, co-cultivation period, addition of L-cysteine in co-cultivation medium, heat shock to immature embryos prior to infection, resting stage and Agrobacterium strains that deliver T-DNA into plant cell from which whole plant can be regenerated. The results indicated that optimal embryo physiological age is 15 and ...
Gut Microbe Analysis between Asthma Patients and Healthy Volunteers in Shaanxi Province, Xian, China
Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq1, Muhammad Shahzad2, Xiaokang Wu3, Chaofeng Ma4 and Jiru Xu1,*
...ant decrease in Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Clostridium leptum sub group (*P<0.05) and non-significant decrease and increase in Bacteroides vulgatus and Peptostreptococcus productus, respectively. Summarizing all, in asthma patients, there is a significant change in the molecular characterization of gut microbiota.
... 
Bushra Mazhar1, Nusrat Jahan1, Nazish Mazhar Ali1, Saiqa andleeb2, Shaukat Ali2*
Bashir Ahmad1, Muhammad Idrees1,*, Kafeel Ahmad1, Dawood Ahmad2, Sajid Ali3 and Shumaila Bashir4
...haracteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) strains predominant in the province. Therefore, this study was planned to study the genetic diversity in the M. tuberculosis isolates isolated from clinical samples. In the current study total 794 patients were tested for suspected tuberculosis by fluorescence microscopy and GeneXpert system during the study period (2015-2016) at the Provincial TB Reference Laboratory, Khyber Pakhtunk...
Mohammad Siddique Munawar, Shazia Raja, Elizabeth Stephen Waghchoure* and Muhammad Barkat**
...ood (AFB), caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is a serious disease of honey bees worldwide that inflicts considerable economic losses to beekeepers. All work was undertaken in a commercial apiary that showed visual signs of AFB infection. Twenty four hives positive for AFB were identified from the apiary (4 colonies in each replicate). Half of the colonies were treated with shook swarm method while other half were left without any treatment. The trea...
Tasawar Sultana*, Farah Deeba* and S.M. Saqlan Naqvi*
HIGH-THROUGHPUT AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA IN COMPARISON TO TWO EXPRESSION VECTORS
...rbulent to efficient Agrobacteriummediated transformation for a long time. The selection of Medicago truncatula as a model legume plant for molecular analysis resulted in the development of efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocols. In current study, M. truncatula transformed plants expressing OsRGLP1 were obtained through GATEWAY technology using pGOsRGLP1 (pH7WG2.0::OsRGLP1). The transformation efficiency o...
Humaira Jabeen and Nazia Jamil*
...ins i.e. Exiguobacterium indicum, Bacillus acidiceler were not able to utilize the coconut oil but produced 5 and 22% bio-plastic when supplemented with 2% glucose after 24 h of incubation, respectively. The percentage of the bio-plastic produced when grown in nutrient broth was very low. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the extracted bio-plastic indicated the presence of the C=O functional group specific for the pre...
Niamatullah Kakar, Farhat Abbas, Muhammad Shafee and Tauseef Asmat*
...mely detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is prerequisite for the successful treatment of TB. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of tuberculosis along with associated risk factors in Quetta Jail, Pakistan. In this cross-sectional study, 186 sputum samples were collected randomly from jail inmates. Sputum was processed for smear microscopy and culture inoculation for the detection of Mycobacterium
Danyu Zhang1, Ying Liu1, Qinxin Shi1, Zhiwei Peng1, Yan Hua1 and Zhijun Hou1,2,*
...ointestinal parasite and bacterium of the sable, but it was important for its health. Five parasitic species and two hundreds thirty four gut bacteria (genus) of the sable were detected by the saturated NaCl floating and next sequencing methods. The parasites were Capillaria sp., Baylisascaris devosi, Echinochasmus sp., and two Coccidianspecies. The Echinochasmus sp. andtwo Coccidian species were f...
Masood Nizam Tabassum1*, Muhammad Ather Khan2, Saira Afzal3, Amir Gilani4, Abdul Wahab Gureja5, ShafaqTabassum6
...disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). More than 95% of cases and deaths are reported in developing countries. Tuberculosis affects all age groups but adults are mostly affected in their most productive age. However, all age groups are at risks. In the world, TB is one of the major killer infectious diseases, which place it in one of the top 5 causes of death for females aged 15 to 44. The death rate due to this isease has declined by 47% f...
Qiang Li1,2, Guo Qiao2, Li Wang1, Jipeng Zhang1, Ruijun Li1, Ping Ni1, Yi Guo1 and Shigen Ye1,*
...igula (4%), Exiguobacterium (1%), Enterobacter (1%) and Kocuria roseus (1%). Vibrio spp. and Vibrio harveyi were the predominant genus and species, respectively. In addition, challenge tests demonstrated that 13 out of 70 isolates were strongly pathogenic and identified as V. harveyi. This study illustrated that V. harveyi could be considered as main pathogen. These investigation results would provide useful...
Asad Ullah1, Umar Sadique Khattak2, Sultan Ayaz1, Muhammad Subhan Qureshi2, Imad Khan1, Ibad Ullah Jan2, Irfan Khattak1, Raheela Taj3, Sahar Nigar4, Naimat Ullah Khan1,Mumtaz Ali Khan5 and Muhammad Luqman Sohail6,*
... for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection. Data regarding socio-demographic status, risk factors and farming practices were gathered through a pre-form questionnaire. Results revealed that prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 5.88%. Statistical analysis revealed significant association of age (OR= 3.267; CI = 1.686-6.331) and herd size (OR = 2.600; CI = 1.421-4.760) with CCIT positivity. Similarly, induction of new animals into the herd (OR= 2.66...
Zafar Iqbal*, Farah Ansar, Zil-e-Huma
...s, Staphylococcus,. Carnobacterium. There has not been a single case of topically acquired infection among students, laboratory staff and the author throughout the whole period due to contact with these fish. One reason for this is the use of safety measures and precautions by the concerned; such as use of disposable gloves, thorough hand washing, using sterilized equipment, keeping work place clean and disinfecting it regularly. The possibility of isolati...
Nadia Khan1*, Abdul Waheed1, Farrukh Siyar Hamid1, Naveed Ahmed1, Zafar Iqbal2, Seemab Ali1, Madiha Bashir1 and Hina Gul3
...) and a human pathogenic bacterium (Escherichia coli) in 2016. Experiment was carried out by using complete randomized design with three replications in vitro. Phytochemical analysis reveals that the methanolic fraction of oil possesses metabolites like carbohydrates, amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides. To test the antibacterial activity of the extracted seed oil, Agar well diffusion assay was employed. Effectiveness of the oil against selected ...
Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi1*, Ummad-ud-Din Umar1, Ammarah Hasnain2, Ateeq ur Rehman1 and Rashida Perveen1
...o decoctions against the bacterium in question. When used individually, M. piperita demonstrated best in vitro, field and glass house experiments followed by the A. indica which also proved its efficacy against the pathogen. The combination of M. piperita, A. indica and C. limon was superior in reducing the BLB of rice. Besides this, all treatments showed significant effect on the agronomic traits of rice plants. The reduction of disease in all the trials alon...
Siddra Tayyab Akhtar, Anjum Nasim Sabri
Twitching, swimming, swarming in biofilm forming strains in response to chemical and physical factors
...entified as
Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus
endophyticus, Pseudomonas fragi and Bacillus subtilis. The optimum temperature
and pH for swimming, swarming and twitching motilities was 37°C and pH 7. All the
bacterial strains showed reduction in diameter of zones of all motilities when the
concentration of NaCl increased in medium. Among chemical factors, tobramycin
was pr...
Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus
endophyticus, Pseudomonas fragi and Bacillus subtilis. The optimum temperature
and pH for swimming, swarming and twitching motilities was 37°C and pH 7. All the
bacterial strains showed reduction in diameter of zones of all motilities when the
concentration of NaCl increased in medium. Among chemical factors, tobramycin
was pr...
Zhimin Yuan1, Yan Yu2, Yanmei Wang1, Yanzhen Bu1,* and Hongxing Niu1,*
...ingomonas and Mycobacterium were the two dominant genera in the intestine, accounting for 10.5% and 7.3% of total bacteria, respectively. Furthermore, the results revealed that H. alaschanicus carried a large number of human pathogens and thus should be the subject of greater study to prevent transmission of diseases from bats to humans.
...
Rais Ahmed1,2,*, Muhammad Khalid Mansoor1,2, Iftikhar Hussain1, Muhammad Saqib3, Muhammad Hammad Hussain4, Amjad Islam Aqib5, Haleema Sadia6, Javed Muhammad7, Asma Irshad8, Kashif Prince5, Muhammad Zain Saleem9 and Abdul Whab Manzoor10
...ntibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Data were analyzed using chi square for ELISA and odds ratio for finding association of species, gender, body weight, age and body condition score (BCS) with prevalence of antibodies against MAP. Seropositivity against MAP was significantly (P<0.05) detected. Male and female animals were equally susceptible to the disease (OR: 0.908, 95% CI= 0.6111-1.350). Age groups were not...
Ambreen Leghari1,2, Asghar Ali Kamboh2,*, Shakeel Ahmed Lakho1, Faiz Muhammad Khand1, Kanwar Kumar Malhi2,3, Iqra Bano Chandio4, Seema Baloch5 and Jan Mohammad Shah4
...de to isolate the Mycobacterium bovis organism from the milk and nasal secretions of cattle using the Lowenstein-Jensen media. An overall prevalence of 34.38% was recorded by rapid test that was higher (P< 0.001) than SITT (3.13%) and culture test (2.50%). A somewhat higher prevalence was recorded in Hyderabad district (SITT 3.75%, Rapid 36%, culture 3.75%) as compared to Tando Allahyar district (SITT 2.5%, Rapid 32%, culture 1.25%). In Hyderabad dis...
Betül Ayça Dönmez, Sarbesh Das Dangol and Allah Bakhsh*
...using five different Agrobacterium strains harboring pBIN19 binary vector that further contains gusA gene, interrupted by an intronic sequence, under the control of 35S CaMV promoter. After transformation, we analyzed the transformation efficiencies of each of the Agrobacterium strains using the histochemical GUS analysis. The highest gusA gene transfer efficiency rate both for leaf (60%) and internode (100%) explants was ob...
Nahed H. Ghoneim, Maha A. Sabry, Zeinab S. Ahmed and Esraa A. Elshafiee*
... most important zoonotic bacterium and the leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. To investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of this pathogen, a total of 360 chicken cloacal swabs and 15 water samples were gathered from different localities in Giza and Cairo Governorates. An additional 50 stool specimens were collected from individuals in contact with the examined chickens. Eleven Campylobacter isolates were recovered through ...
Ali Asghar1*, Tariq Mukhtar1, Muhammad Usman Raja1 and Asim Gulzar2
...d where nematode and the bacterium were applied in combinations. At higher densities of both the pathogens, the reductions in these parameters were the maximum. The first wilt appearance was observed after 8 days in the treatment where both the pathogens were applied at their highest densities. The treatments where bacterium was applied individually at different densities, wilt took maximum days to appear as compared to the ...
Asad Ullah1*, Umar Sadique2, Sultan Ayaz1, Muhammad Subhan Qureshi2 and Farhan Anwar Khan2
... (bTB); detection of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection in lactating indigenous cattle/buffaloes raised on different commercial dairy farms and exposing the hazards linked with milk-born tuberculosis infection in the area where unpasteurized milk is normally used in the central zone of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. A total of 1225 cattle and 1175 buffaloes of more than one year were studied for the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. A total of 1608 ...
Shaheen Rahman1, Kafeel Ahmad1*, Niaz Ali2, Muhammad Idrees3 and Waqar Ali4
...ont-size: small;">Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that causes devastating Crown Gall disease. Current studies were aimed at the isolation of A. tumefaciens from local soil. Five soil samples were collected from research farm of Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Soil samples were processed for the isolation of A. tumefaciens. Various biochemical and morphological tests were conducted to confirm the identity of A. ...
Muhammad Medrar Hussain*, Asad Jan* and Sayyar Khan Kazi
...iety Swat-1. Through Agrobacterium mediated transformation, OsTZF8 gene (pBIG-Ubi-OsTZF8) was successfully transferred to rice calli. From these rice calli transgenic plants were regenerated and established in greenhouse. For the evaluation of OsTZF8 gene role in drought stress tolerance, two weeks old rice seedling were subjected to drought stress. OsTZF8-OX transgenic indica line A and B displayed 69% and 64% survival rates respectively compared to 33% of co...
Ayesha Noreen1, Amina Elahi1, Dilara Abbas Bukhari2 and Abdul Rehman1*
...multiple metal resistant bacterium’s ability to convert toxic arsenite into relatively less toxic form may find potential application in environmental biotechnology.
...
Honghai Zhang1,*, Yao Chen1, Xiaoyang Wu1, Shuai Shang2, Jun Chen2, Jiakuo Yan1, Qinguo Wei1, Xibao Wang1, Yongqiang Lu3 and Huanxin Zhang2
...avefaciens, rumen_bacterium_YS2, Acinetobacter_baumannii and Bacillus_anthracis were only found in Group B. All the evidence showed that altitude has a marked impact on the composition of intestinal microflora in the Tibetan wild ass.
... 
Abdiaziz Idiris Mohamud1, Yonis Abukar Mohamed2, Osman Sheikh Ali Jama3, Pravin Mishra4* and Mohamed Idiris Mohamed5
Prevalence and Major Pathogens Associated with Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Benadir Region of Somalia
...cus spp. (18.51%), Enterobacterium spp. (14.81%), Corynebacterium spp. (14.81%), Micrococcus spp. (5.55%), Pasteurella spp. (5.55%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.85%). The prevalence of camel mastitis in the study area was significantly low this might be because of the environmental factors as well as the hygienic managements of the farms. Therefore, implementation of integrated approaches has great importance in the study s...
Muhammad Zahid Mengal1, Hamida Ali2, Raheela Asmat3, Muhammad Naeem1,4, Ferhat Abbas1, Abdul Samad1, Mohammad Zahid Mustafa1, Jannat Raza2 and Tauseef M. Asmat1*
...eous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to RIF (rifampicin), a surrogate marker for multidrug-resistant TB in less than two hours. The RIF-resistance pattern in Balochistan, Pakistan, is not documented. This study was aimed to detect RIF-resistant TB and mutations in RNA polymerase beta (rpoB) gene of M. tuberculosis within 81-bp RRDR in Quetta, Pakistan using GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay.In total, 2300 clini...
Muhammad Iqbal1, Muhammad Ehetisham ul Haq1*, Muhammad Kamran1, Muhammad Idrees1, Shahid Nazir2, Ihsan Ullah3, Sumera Naz1, Shaukat Ali1 and Muhammad Zafar Iqbal2
Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Citri Associated with Kinnow (Mandarin) and its Management
...e. Furthermore, isolated bacterium from diseased samples was characterized morphologically and molecularly. The relative efficacy of commercially available antibiotics against the pathogen was evaluated in the lab and in field conditions. A systematic survey of randomly ten localities/sampling sites was conducted for a reliable estimation of citrus canker disease in District Sargodha of Punjab Province. Nine sampling sites showed 90 % the presence of Xanthomon...
Abdul Nabi Jatt1,2*
...n marine snow associated bacterium, Citrobacter freundii B1 for the production of QS-signals particularly acyl-homoserine-lactones (AHLs) and their influence on the production of extracellular cellulase enzyme. Mainly, two different reporter strains such as Agrobacterium tumefac...
Amjad Ali, Kafeel Ahmad*and Shaista Rahat
...nfection worldwide. This bacterium produces enzymes known as extended spectrum β-lactamases which render broad spectrum cephalosporins and penicillins inactive. This study reports antibiotic susceptibility pattern, multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa collected from tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan.A total of 187 P. aeruginosa is...
Iram Liaqat1*, Tahir Hussain1,2, Aisha Waheed Qurashi3, Gulbeena Saleem2, Asia Bibi4, Muhammad Fiaz Qamar5,ShaukatAli1 and Ikram-ul-Haq6
... host specificpathogenic bacterium of fowl typhoid, one of the most important diseases of poultry that increases the death rate and reduction in eggs production. Bacteria forms the complex structural colonies enclosed in a sticky matrix known as biofilm. Various antimicrobial approaches used to treat gastrointestinal infections are usually ineffective due to biofilm formation. The purpose of this study was to (1) compare biofilm formation of three S. Ga...
Eman Khalifa1*, Riad Khalil2 and Haitham Elaadli3
...the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis from buffaloes’ mastitic milk by isolation on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (LJ medium), Ziehl-Neelsen staining; identification by different biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 500bp diagnostic for M. bovis, as well as (2) to determine the therapeutic efficacy of the various antimicrobials (9 types) on the isolated M. bovis by using different antimicrobial sensitivity plate method...
Ali Zaman1, Nabila Roohi1 and Muhammad Irfan2*
...duced by a gram-negative bacterium “Pasteurella multocida.” Existing literature has established bacteria’s pathogenesis, but still, the literature about the role of bacteria and its immunogens on the demonstration of clinical signs, hematology and serum biochemistry in Nili Ravi buffaloes under subtropics is lacking. This study was designed to fulfill this gap by analyzing the effects of exposure to the bacterial culture of Pasturella multoci...
Qudsia Nazir1, Muhammad Aftab1*, Ghulam Sarwar2, Aneela Riaz3, Sarfraz Hussain1, Ifra Saleem1, Amina Kalsom1, Noor-Us-Sabah2, Mukkram Ali Tahir2, Ateeq-ur-Rehman4 and Muhammad Arif1
...l with Zinc solubilizing bacterium and then this material was mixed with ZnO. This bio-active Zn was coated on urea at 1.5% rates to formulate. Moreover, Zn blended urea was prepared by mixing powder ZnO with urea. The comparative efficacies of different types of Zn impregnated urea were compared with ZnSO4 to grains yield, physiology and biochemistry of rice under field conditions. The results showed that 1.5% bio-activated Zn (ZnO) coated urea performed bett...
Afaf. A. Khedr*, Ekram Salama*, A. A. Samy**, Abdella, Y.A.*** and Suzan. K. Tolba***
... test, ELISA test for Avibacterium Paragallinarum, and ELISA test, indirect haemagglutination inhibition test and ciliostasis score for infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV). The immune response for the antigenic component of both vaccines show high titre of antibodies, but Montanide ISA-70 adjuvanted vaccine was superior as shown in mean antibody titers against Avibacterium paragallinarum serovar A, B and C and infectious bronc...
Aya El-Turkey1, A. K. El-Attar1, A. E. Aboulata1, B. Othman2 and K. A. El-dougdoug2
...ere transformed into Agrobacterium tumifaciens LBA 4404 strain for Agro-inoculation. Tomato plants were transferred into regeneration medium and genetically transformed with the HSV-2gD-PB21 binary vector through Agrobacterium co cultivation. Agro-inoculated tomato plants were tested for the HSV-2gD insertion and transcription using both PCR and RT-PCR and the results were successful in getting insert-containing tomatoes aga...
Liangkun Pan1, Qun-Lan Zhou1*, Bo Liu1, Jiaxing Yan2 and Ajun Sun1
... genus level were Cetobacterium spp., Lactococcus spp., CK-1C4-19, Rhodobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Meanwhile it was found out that Lactococcus spp. preferred the foregut, while Cetobacterium spp. and Flavobacterium spp. preferred the hindgut. Dominant bacteria preferred different gut section may decided by its func...
Asma Chaudhary1, Qurat-ul-Ain Ahmad1, Afia Muhammad Akram1, Mehwish Iqtedar2 and Javed Iqbal Qazi3,*
...a novel locally isolated bacterium from home-made yogurt, Sphingomonas sp. AsCh-P3 on growth, survival and biochemical constituents of Labeo rohita fingerlings challenged with well-renowned fish pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. Positive control-C2 as well as experimental groups was challenged with V. anguillarum intraperitoneally. Probiotic treated feed with antibacterial potential against...
Syeda Shazia Bokhari, Aisha Waheed Qurashi*, Roheela Yasmeen*, Fouzia Yasmeen, Nabeela Nayab, Uzma Rafi
...train was named as Exigoubacterium auranticum. Optimum bacterial growth response was recorded at pH 7.0, temperature 37oC, LB media and shaking 160 rpm conditions. Cell surface characteristics of E. auranticum (EPF1) was determined in terms of bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation assay. Highest percentage hydrophobicity values of the strain EPF1 were recorded with toluene (84 %) as compared to other organic solvents such as chloroform (58...
Muhammad Anwarullah1, Aneela Zameer Durrani1, Muhammad Ijaz1, Aftab Ahmad Anjum2, Muhammad Usman1*,Muhammad Zahid Iqbal1, Muhammad Husnain1,Ahsan Anjum3, Qurratulain Ashraf4 and Ghulam Mustafa3
...ero-prevalence of Mycobacterium avium sub sp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle and buffalo. Diarrhea is a major risk factor for MAP, so 1100 blood samples were collected from diarrheic animals or having history of some diarrheic episodes from four districts of Punjab i.e. Kasur (n=300), Rawalpindi (n=230), Lahore (n=230) and Bahawalpur (n=340). These samples were tested using ELISA and overall seroprevalence found was 39.64%. The major host-assoc...
Asad Ullah1*, Umar Sadique2, Ibadullah Jan2, Imad Khan1, Raheela Taj3, Mumtaz Ali Khan4, Salah-ud-din4, Naimat Ullah Khan1
...fection triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one amongst neglected zoonotic disease (NZD) caused by Mycobacterium bovis; has an economic importance with public health significance and life-threatening infection at the human-animal-ecosystem interface in low-resource settings and developing countries globally. Our study aimed to investigate the incidence of pulmonic tuberculosis caused b...
Shang Zhenda1,2*, Kong Qinghui1,4*, Li Jiakui1,4, Liu Suozhu1,2, Tan Zhankun1,2, Shang Peng1,3 and Wang Honghui1,2
...robispora, Blautia, Carnobacterium and Salinibacterium were obviously higher in wild yak than in domestic yak. Proteobacteria, Epulopiscium, Amycolatopsis, Brucellaceae, Sediminibacterium and Rhodococcus were significantly higher in domestic yak than in wild yak. The present study reported the microbial diversity of bacteria between wild yak and domestic yak. The findings can help improve ...
A.H. Alqhtani1, A.S. Alharthi1, N.J. Siddiqi2, S. Zargar2 and A.M. Abudabos1*
...he other challenged with bacterium was maintained. Three hepatic enzymes viz., lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased after feeding on growth promoters. However, total serum protein, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed no significant differences between the groups. Thus, it can be concluded that probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic in feed may cause some degree...
Samah Samir, Amal Awad*, Gamal Younis
...a (E. tarda) is an enterobacterium that causes edwardsiellosis, a fatal disease of farmed fishes that causes severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Edwardsiella tarda was categorized as a serious food- and waterborne infection that causes a high rate of mortality in people with liver cirrhosis. The goal of this study was to explore the prevalence, virulence-related genes (edw1, cds1, qseC and pvsA), and antibiotic susceptibility profile of E. tard...
Muhammad Idrees1, Bashir Ahmad2, Muhammad Waqas1, Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah3 and Saad Ahmad Khan4
...rA, pncA and rpoB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), were identified using computational methods. In the ligand base pharmacophore, an already reported four ligands for the four proteins encoded by the resistant genes of M. tuberculosis were selected for the generation of pharmacophores. The validated pharmacophores model of all the four proteins, generated on the basis of ligand base, were selected for further screening of ZINC drug like databas...
Emtenan M. Hanafi1*, Fouad M. Tawfeek2, Walid S. El Nattat1, Moetazza M. Alshafei3, Seham S. Kassem3, Kawkab A. Ahmed4, Enas N. Danial5, Hagar Elbakry3, Hoda S. El-Sayed2
...platensis (SP) and Bifidobacterium longum (BL) were known as health potentiators. The aim of this study was to produce microcapsules to act as functional feed additives to enhance general health and to study its effect on the reproductive performance of male albino rat. Total flavonoids, total phenolics, DPPH, HPLC and antimicrobial test against different types of bacteria were done for SP extract. BL has been microencapsulated in association with SP. Twentiy ...
Gamilat A. Elsaid1, Weam Mohamed Baher1*, Eman Shukry1, Abeer E. Abd El. Ghafar2, Marwa Shalaby1
...m sorbate (KS) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on the growth of E. coli O26 were screened. The estimated MPN of coliforms and E. coli in kareish cheese collected from grocery stores were 3.44 ± 0.12 and 2.22 ± 0.14. These values were 4.61 ± 0.11 and 3.60 ± 0.25 in samples collected from street vendors. The prevalence rates of E. coli were 20%, and 60% in kareish cheese samples collected from grocery stores and street vend...
Hanan Saad El-Samahy, Amani Abd El-Naby Hafez, Mohamed Talat Ragab, Disouky Mohamed Mourad*
...(M. meleagradis), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) . The most prevalent detected bacteria were E coli (13) followed by M. gallisepticum (12), ORT (12) and M. meleagridis (7). Two farms reported single infection, one with M. gallisepticum and one with E. coli. Only one farm had no infection while mixed infection recorded in 14 farms. P. multocida and P. aeruginosa were not de...
Muhammad Izhar ul Haque1, Farhan Anwar Khan1*, Umar Sadique1, Hamayun Khan1, Zia ur Rehman1, Salman Khan1, Hayatullah Khan1,2, Faisal Ahmad1,3, Mumtazur Rahman1, Faiz Ur Rehman1, Muhammad Saeed1, Mehboob Ali1 and Saqib Nawaz1
...of animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It is also a serious public health concern as MAP is responsible for Crohn’s disease in human beings. This infectious disease is so far unexplored in animals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. Therefore, this study was proposed to investigate the presence of MAP by indirect ELISA (iELISA), associated histopathological lesions and PCR in sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Cap...
Amir Abdullah Khan and Muhammad Irfan*
... method. Among them, one bacterium was found to be antagonist against the pathogen. This was identified as Bacillus subtilis 2i through 16SrRNA. The disease causing fungus was also isolated and identified as Schizophyllum sp. B2A through 18SrRNA.The strain Bacillus subtilis 2i was cultivated in sub-merged fermentation for the production of bioactive compounds. Various parameters were optimized to obtain maximum bioactive compounds production. Maximum antifunga...
Wafaa M.A. El-Nagdi1, Ahmed E.A. Mahgoob2, Mahmoud M.A. Youssef1*, Entesar H. Taha2, Mona M.S. Zayed3 and Nora R.A. Saleh1
...itions, four isolates of bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1, Pf2, Pf9 and Pf10) were used for controlling of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Ne) on eggplant as influenced by time of addition. The obtained results proved that, the tested isolates adversely affected reproduction of root-knot nematode, M. incognita, either when bacterium was added before, after or at the same time with Ne inoculation. On the bas...
A.W. Amin†, A.A. Anter, A.H. Ashoub* and A.S. El-Nuby*
...eisseria elongata, Obesumbacterium proteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered
from tomato rhizosphere and tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance or bio-control agent against
Meloidogyne incognita in tomato under greenhouse condition. Results showed that all tested bacterial strains
showed significant reduction in nematode development and reproduction. The most effective strains were M.
methanica...
Rafik Soliman1, Neven Waheeb2, Essam Nasr2, Mahmoud El-Hariri1, Heidy Abo-Elyazeed1, Hassan Aboul-Ella1*
...iagnostic assays for mycobacterium has been an area of interest through the past two decades as a rapid, accurate, and easy-to-be-used and interpreted diagnostic kit as well as to be a competitive alternative to the conventionally established expert-dependent techniques. The current work’s main objective is to evaluate the reliability of two widely distributed rapid kits for as a suitable substitution for the gold standard bovine tuberculosis diagnostic ...
MUHAMMAD ASHFAQ*1, QURAT-UL-AIN ASGHAR1, RAHILA HAFEEZ1, AMNA ALI1, MUHAMMAD SALEEM HAIDER1, MUHAMMAD ALI1, MUHAMMAD BILAL CHATTHA1 ABDUL RASHEED1 & MUHAMMAD SAJJAD2
...p., Curvularia sp., Acetobacterium, Deniobacter and Micrococcus were isolated from different rice varieties.
Key Words: Rice, seed-borne micro-flora, blotter paper, diversity
...
Ahmed E.A. Mahgoob1, Wafaa M.A. El-Nagdi2, Mahmoud M.A. Youssef2*, Entesar H. Taha1, Mona M.S. Zayed3, Hassan Abd- El-Khair4 and Nora R.A. Saleh2
...s of certain isolates of bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens for their nematicidal potentials against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita under in vitro conditions. The present results indicated that the tested bacterial isolates at two concentrations (25 and 50%) significantly (p≤0.05) inhibited M. incognita- egg hatching at each exposure period (24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs) compared to untreated control. As for the percentages of the second stage juveniles...
Chun Shi, Juanjuan Guo, Meng Li, Qi Yang and Jingang Li*
...uding Acinetobacter, Aquabacterium, Acidovorax, Thermus, and Klebsiella (P<0.05) in the awakening period. This study provides guidance and reference for the exploration of animal hibernation mechanisms and research on intestinal ischemic re-enema injury....
Meng Wang, Dongliang Zhou, Huixia Li, Chunqin Wu,Yan Zhao and Houqiang Luo*
...m, which is found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T5SS may be the simplest secretion system available among all the secretion systems, and plays a vital role in the pathogenic mechanism of bacteria by participating in bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and contributing to the ability of nutrition acquisition a nd environme ntal adaptability. T5SS is a vital factor in the gradual reduction of antibiotic effectiveness, so the system has been the target of alt...
Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo1, Monday Eneojo Akor1, Cornelius Arome Omatola1*, Zainab Penninah Ochada1, Ugbane Eleojo Okolo2, Benjamin Mudi Idache3, Andrew Isiramen4, Julius Akor Omatola5 and Moses Adaji David6
...arried out to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis using GeneXpert in HIV seropositive patients attending Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Lokoja. The study was done using 325 confirmed HIV patients (86 males and 239 females). A structured questionnaire was administered and 325 patients who consented were enrolled in the study. Sputum specimen was collected from each patient, processed, and examined using Xpert® MTB/RIF Assay Version 4. The prevalence of HIV/T...
Gang Liu*, Na Xu, Zhizhong Gong and Jiahui Feng
...bacterial genera (Sphingobacterium, Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas, Chryseobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas) in pairwise populations, and Ceratobasidium, Tomentella, Paurocotylis, Tuber, Podospora and Mortierella were the core fungal genera among the geese from both lakes. Nine potentially pathogenic species were identified across all samples, and the relative abundances of potential pathogens were significantly hi...
Mohammed Naji Odhah1,2, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse1*, Bura Thlama Paul3,4, Bashiru Garba5, Zaid Mahmood1, Eric Lim Teik Chung6, Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila7
...nants. ...
Razia Sultana1, Shinawar Waseem Ali1*, Ghulam Murtaza2 and Shahid Mahmood2
...n 1%. Three species (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pantoea agglomerans, and Raoultella ornithinolytica) belonged to culturable bacteria and one species (Tepidimonas spp.) belonged to nonculturable bacteria. Our data demonstrate the presence of wide diversity of bacterial microbiota in locally processed back-slopped yogurt. ...
SHEIKH AJAZ RASOOL1*, MUNAZZA DANISH AJAZ2, MUHAMMAD SALMAN RASOOL3, AHSAN SATTAR SHEIKH4 & FIRDAUS KOUSAR BUKHARI5
...titutes the front runner bacterium towards causing gastroenteritis globally. It is usually contracted through consuming improperly processed poultry products and by intake of contaminated water. Post intake, the bacterium tends to adsorb or attached to the gut epithelial lining and incites toxin-associated deferment of liquid re-absorption from the gut plus invasive inflammatory manifestation along with diarrhoea. Acute or c...
Abida Mushtaque1, Ali Ahmad Sheikh1, Aamir Ghafoor1*, Wasim Shehzad2 and Nadeem Ahmad3
...c and wild animals. This bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen of upper respiratory tracts of wild and domestic animals and birds as well as in livestock . The ompH gene was amplified with in-house designed primers, the amplified gene (1002 bp) was cloned into pET 40-b (+) vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) competent cells using heat shock transformation method to get expression. The product size was confirmed by restriction digestion. The rOmpH p...
Sarah G. Yousef1*, Ahmed Shehta2, Hend M. El Damaty1 and Hussein A. Elsheikh3
...us disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is regarded as a potential public health issue and a significant threat to the dairy and agricultural food businesses. This study was conducted for the molecular investigation of MAP in cattle reared for small-scale dairy production in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Seventy-five fecal samples were collected from diarrheic and healthy dairy cows that came into contact with diarrheic ones for m...
Hongsen Xu*, Xiaoni Wang, Tie Tian, Changyu Zhao, Denghang Yu and Jun Liu
...tics sensitivity of this bacterium. Artificial infection showed that the strain could cause similar symptoms to those of naturally infected crayfish, and the lethal dose 50% was 1.52 × 106 CFU/g crayfish. Serious histopathological changes, such as cell degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration, were found in diseased crayfish. In conclusion, this study confirmed the pathogen of whitish muscle disease in farmed P. clarkii, a...
Aatif Masood Ahmad Khan1, Masood Rabbani1*, Arfan Ahmad1, Muhammad Wasim2 and Sohail Raza1
...nd rapid detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causal agent of Infectious Coryza (IC), from layer chickens in various farms in Pakistan. A total of 46 isolates were obtained from a total of 244 clinical samples from 122 sick and moribund or dead layer chickens showing signs of IC like slight swelling of infra orbital sinuses and nostril mucus membranes. Two sampling sites were chosen, squeezing the nostrils for live birds and infra orbital sinus for mo...
Rahib Ali Chachar1, Asghar Ali Kamboh1* and Manatbai Bakhetgul2
... Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium count as compared to the control group (T0). Whereas, E. coli and Salmonella count was found significantly lower (p < 0.01) in treated groups as compared to the control group. Hemoglobin and erythrocyte count was higher (p < 0.05) in T1 and T3 groups as compared to T2 and T0. MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) was found higher (p < 0.05) in T3 as compared to T0 groups. White blood cell count was record...
SEHRISH MUSHTAQ1, MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ1, MUHAMMAD ASHFAQ*1 FAIZA KHAN1, SOHAIB AFZAAL1, UMMAD HUSSAIN1, MUBASSHIR HUSSAIN1, RASHID MUKHTAR BALAL2 & MUHAMMAD SALEEM HAIDER1
...mpared to controls. Aureobacterium liquifaciens (27.66%), Acinetobacter sp. (25.66%), Bordetella pertussis (26.63%) also showed equal potential for inhibition. In contrast remaining isolates Enterobacter cloacae (19.33%), Azomonas agilis (17%) and Kurthia sp. (19%) were less efficient as compared to the others. Bacterial endophytes are colonized inside plants and have antagonistic potential for fungal pathogens. These endophytes should be further explored for ...
AMBASH RIAZ1, SHAHID RAZA2* & HIRA MUBEEN3
... thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium that can be used as substitute for various chemical compounds especially insecticides. The insecticidal property of B. thuringiensis comes from the production of Crystal protein. The present study is focused on the cloning and characterization of Cry1AB gene which expresses to produce crystal protein. Cry1AB gene was amplified using specific primers which gave successful PCR results of 3.5 kb long gene amplification. The ampl...
María Julia Traversa1*, Mónica Saracco2, María Alejandra Colombatti Olivieri3, Fernando Paolicchi4, Edgardo Rodriguez5, Silvia Estein5, María Cristina Jorge5, William C. Davis6
...ine production after Mycobacterium bovis in vitro specific stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) subpopulations from Argentinian Holstein cows that reacted to the bovine purified protein derivatives (PPDb) caudal fold skin test and were transiting the early peripartum period (EPPp). Flow cytometry, interferon gamma (IFNγ) production, and metabolic activity assessed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulation. The study enroll...
Jacob Situmeang1, Lovita Adriani1*, Deny Saefulhadjar1, Safri Ishmayana2
...obiotic powder B1 (Bifidobacterium spp. and L. acidophilus), T2: basal diet + 3% probiotic powder B1, T3: basal diet + 2% probiotic powder B2 (L. bulgaricus, S. termophilus, L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum), and T4: basal ration + 3% probiotic powder B2. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that probiotic powder had a signif...
Mercy Cuenca-Condoy1*, Lourdes Reinoso-García2, Juan González-Rojas2, Dionel García-Bracho3
...eihenstephanensis, Corynebacterium xerosis, Macrococcus canis, Chryseobacterium bovis, Rothia endophytica, among others. However, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Lactobacillus mali and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequent bacteria in cases of subclinical bovine mastitis, reaching 23.4, 10.9 and 9.5% presence, respectively; Likewise, it was found that S. chromogenes and L. mali are more frequent in mechanical milking syst...
Aashaer Farooq and Zakaullah
...e of seven fungi and one bacterium on the sample seeds by using the agar plate test method. The Bhurban sample was found to have 80% and 20% infection in non-treated and treated (HgCl2) seeds respectively, while the Kuzagali sample had 100% in the non treated and 3.3% infection in the treated seeds. The fungi isolated from non-treated seeds comprised: Diplodia pinea, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillim candense and Rhizopus nigricans wher...
Hanif Gul and M. Ismail Chaudhry
...is a disease causing bacterium
extracted from various lepidopterous pests, has been
developed into commercial microbial insecticides. Many
worker such as Smirnoff (1963), Sider, (1965), Mihalache
et al. (1972), Podgwaite and Cambell (1972), Jaque
(1972), Yendal et al. (1973) and Arru (1975) tried
Bacilus thuringiensis in the form of Thuricide,
Entobacterin, Dendrobacillus and Dipel against different
forest defolia...
Zakaullah
...y secretion incited by a bacterium,
Mycoplasma-Like Bodies and aphids respectively were recorded. Bacterial canker was
more common and damaging as compared with witche's-broom and aphids attack in
Phander areas situated about 200 km north-west of Gilgit at an elevation ranging between
2286 and 2438 m. The important forest trees include willows and poplars. Three species of
willows, i.e. Salix purpurea, S. seriocarpa, S. tetrasperma and a single ...
Sundus Oun Ali Al-Zaini1, Mohanad A. Al-Bayati3*, Khazaal Abbas Khazaal2, Salma Talib Salih1
...s treated with Aeromonas bacterium liposomes had Relation present survival values of 67.50% and 78.65%, respectively, against bacterial infection. This result enables us to initiate the subsequent phase of our research, wherein we employ tissue culture of fin cells from common carp fish to propagate the Koi herpes virus. The objective is to develop a vaccine with a dose containing the antigenic standard of 1×102.5 TCID50/dose, aiming to achieve a heighte...
Indah Nurfauziah1, Lovita Adriani1*, Rahmad Fani Ramadhan1, Andi Mushawwir1, Safri Ishmayana2
...4% WSPE B1 yogurt (Bifidobacterium spp. and L. acidophilus), and T2: BS + 4% WSPE B2 yogurt (L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium spp.). All data from the results of sample analysis have been analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), to determine the effect, and Duncan’s multiple range test has been used to determine differences between treatments. In the purification of WSPE yogurt, b...
Shruti Yadav1,2*, Kamana Singh2, Pratap Adinath Divekar3 and Suhas Gorakh Karkute1,3*
...into brinjal through Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Presence of Cry2Aa gene was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis showed single copy insertions in plants of six independent transgenic events. Cry2Aa gene was highly expressed in transgenic plants and its protein level was as high as 30.94 µg/g in fresh leaves and 20.57µg/g in fruits. Insect bioassay showed the BSFB larval mortality between 90% to 100%. Altogether it was observed th...
...t-align: justify;">Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis consists of non-motile and pleomorphic rods. The frequent rout of entry of C. pseudotuberculosis into the body of animal is in punctures and scratches of the skin. It results in the development of caseous abscesses in external and internal lymph nodes. Therefore, the following were the objectives of this research: to identify and isolate bacteriologically, to characterize molecularly C. pseudotuberculosis f...
Bunga Rimta Barus1, Masfria Masfria2*, Aminah Dalimunthe3, Sovia Lenny4
...s aureus is a pathogenic bacterium capable of causing wound infections. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of gel formulations containing the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from red ginger leaves in facilitating the healing process of excision wounds. The study utilized 30 male Wistar rats, divided into six groups with five rats each, to ensure robust statistical analysis. The ethyl acetate fraction was extracted using a detailed maceration and fr...
Ali Abd Kadhum
...9 isolates diagnosed the bacterium depending on the appearance qualities of the developing colonies, pigmentation In Gram stain, as well as biochemical examinations. Different bacterial species was confirmed using the Enterosystem 18 R system and using a device. Vitek-2 compact system. Results of an antibiotic resistance test showed that the isolates showed a “significant” change in resistance to antibiotics, as the isolates showed the bacterial sp...
Dyana Louis Anak Peter, Elldiwirna Saimen, Lucky Poh Wah Goh, Mohd. Khalizan Sabullah, Rahmath Abdulla, Jualang Azlan Gansau and Roslina Jawan*
...S) producing lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus mindensis CA4. The prebiotic tested were bambangan, noni, tuhau,torch ginger, and mung bean at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% (v/v), respectively. All data were recorded at 0, 24, and 48 h of incubation time. Results showed that nonifruit was the most preferred prebiotic due to constant leading in viable cell count until 48 h of fermentation. The viable cells count in the glucose-free MRS ...
Mahmoud Ezzat1, Fatma Youssef2, Ahmed Eid1, Marwa E. Abo Hashem1*
...Salmonella is a zoonotic bacterium having a worldwide risk to public health and chicken industry. Primary aim of study is to assess Salmonella prevalence in chicken and human then serotyping, antibiogram, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes identification by PCR and sequence analysis. In total, 300 samples were gathered (100 chicken liver, 150 chicken feces, 50 human stool). Bacteriological examination, serotyping, antibiogram, virulence (invA, stn) and ...
Hayder A.H. Al-Mutar*, Baqer J. Hasan, Khawla Abbas Hussein, Souhayla Oneeis Hussain
... bovine vagina was Corynebacterium frankenforstense (78.8%). The other saprophytic bacteria were Streptococcus lutetiensis, Klebsiells pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurreus were present in a percentage from 94.61%, 93.25%, 80.5% and 78.69%. respectively. The study concluded that there are many types of Saprophytic bacterial proliferation during estrus cycle inside vagina and uterus of cows with a variation of different countries, bread and ag...
Rico Anggriawan1,2*, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari1, Sri Hidanah1, Muhammad Anam Al Arif1, Diyah Ayu Candra2
...obacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., as well as fungi like Saccharomyces spp., Rhizopus spp., and Mucor spp. These microbes specifically target the gastrointestinal tract. The metabolic mechanisms of probiotics differ from those of antibiotics. While antibiotics destroy both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract and can leave residues in tissues, probiotics enhance digestive health. They adhere to and form colonies on the intestinal...
